Breast Cancer Awareness And Cancer - 1530 Words

Breast Cancer Awareness Cancer cells can grow on any part of your body, and start when cells begin to grow out of control and eventually become invasive. What is breast cancer? (2015, June 10) The breast is made up of lobes that have 15 to 20 sections and in each lobe there are many small sections that are called lobules. The lobules end in tiny bulbs that produce milk, the bulbs, lobes, and lobules are all linked by thin tube called ducts. Breasts also contain blood and lymph vessels. Lymph vessels carry lymph between the lymph nodes, which are small bean shaped structures that can be found through out the body. Lymph nodes filter the substances that go through the lymph to help fight infection and disease. Breast Cancer Treatment, (2015†¦show more content†¦What are the risk factors of breast cancer? (2014, September 9) Other risks include not having children or having them later in life, certain kinds of birth controls, using hormone therapy after menopause, not breastfeeding, alcohol, and being overweight or obese. Everyone one is different and won’t have the same signs and symptoms that another person may have. Early signs are usually found on the breast and are visible like lumps, skin dimpling, a change in skin color or texture, the nipple changes shape or seems to look like it is pulled, or clear or bloody fluid that leaks out of the nipple. Other signs include thickened tissue in the breast, most lumps are not cancerous but should be checked to be sure. Breast Cancer: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments (2015, July 10). Other experienced symptoms include pain in the armpits, redness of the breast, a rash on or around the nipples, the size or the shape of the breast changes and the nipple may peel, scale, or flake. Very often, these symptoms are not related to cancer but if you have any of these symptoms the best thing to do is get your breasts evaluated to rule out the worse cause, which is breast cancer. Symptoms and signs (2015, July 23) There is a series of tes ts that are done to rule out of diagnosis breast cancer. One very common test is a

Ethical Dilemmas Of An Ethical Dilemma - 1029 Words

Introduction In every nurse’s career, there are times when you have to decide when to do the right thing regardless of what you want to do. These decisions are not easy to make and often create ethical dilemmas. Situations will arise, and nurses have a duty to protect the patients and themselves. This paper will outline a significant event in my practice that caused an ethical dilemma. Clinical Situation Ethical dilemmas are defined as: situations in which there is a choice to be made between two options, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion (Your Dictionary). I had not been practicing as a nurse for long when I had to face an ethical dilemma. At the time, I was working at a long-term care†¦show more content†¦As defined, privacy is the freedom to not be observed or intruded upon without authorization and to control access to one’s personal information (Fowler, 2015). When the nurse snapped a picture of a patient without his or her consent, she was violating that patient’s right to privacy. Although the person she sent the photo to may not have known the patient; and the patient did not see her take the photo, it is still an infringement of privacy. It is the nurse’s duty to protect the patient’s right. The ANA says confidentiality and privacy are at the top of the list of patient rights that nurses must protect (Fowler, 2015). Literature Review When faced with ethical dilemmas, it is tough to know where to turn and can leave nurses with different emotions. However, there are different resources that nurses can turn to that can help them work through dilemmas. The first article I found that had resources for nurses during an ethical dilemma was written by Debora Wood, RN. In this article titled, â€Å"10 Best Practices for Addressing Ethical Issues and Moral Distress†, she gave nurses several suggestions of places they can turn to for help. The resources she included were: Nurse Managers, ethics experts, professional associations, and outside counseling (Wood, 2014).Show MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1538 Words   |  7 Pages1. Discuss an ethical dilemma that you have had to face in the workplace. Ethical dilemmas often occur when a manager or an employee is faced with two or more conflicting choices. Give as many facts and details as possible in describing your dilemma. The most difficult ethical dilemma I have dealt with was a summer job I had this past summer, while I was working for a bakery in my hometown. This past particular summer really tested what I believe is right and wrong and how to speak up. One of myRead MoreEthical Dilemma Assignment1766 Words   |  8 PagesCONSENT FORM Thank you for being willing to take part in this interview exploring ethical conflict or turbulence. I would like to transcribe the content of this interview to form a written document to be submitted to Sheffield Hallam University as a piece of assessed piece of coursework. It is important that you only take part in this interview if you want to. As such I would be delighted if you would complete and sign this confidentiality questionnaire prior to the interview taking place. (i)Read MoreEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1291 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas in the Workplace As a manager, you are the role model for staff. You set the standards, adhere to guidelines, and exemplify what you expect staff to model. By doing so, you are establishing and sustaining an organizational culture of ethics and integrity, which is the backbone of all successful endeavors. However, even the best structured organizations face ethical dilemmas in the workplace. It is how management recognizes and addresses these occurrences that will either set themRead MoreCase Analysis : Ethical Dilemma1318 Words   |  6 PagesTitle of Paper: Ethical Dilemma One INTRODUCTION Mrs. Smith, is an 81-year-old widow. She has been widowed for over twenty years. She has been very independent with some assistance from neighbors due to her son living out of the area and unable to assist. Recently, she has had issues with her independence. She has set two accidental fires that caused damages to her apartment, as well as had a recent fall in the bathtub. These issues have gained her son’s attention which has led him to requestRead MoreEthical Dilemma Case Study842 Words   |  4 PagesAn ethical dilemma is a situation by which its difficult to determine whether a situation is can be handled without disappointing both sides. Therefore, an ethical dilemma exists when the right thing to do is clear or when members of the healthcare team cannot agree on the right thing to do. Ethical dilemmas require negotiation of different points of view (potter, Perry, Stockert, Hall 2011pg 78). The case study briefly explains a situation between daughter and father regarding the fathersRead MoreEthical Dilemma at Workplace Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction – What is an ethical dilemma? Ethics is the term we give to our concern for good behavior.   It is human nature to not only be concerned with our own personal well being, but also that of others and of human society as a whole.   The difference between moral dilemmas and ethical ones, philosophers say, is that in moral issues the choice is between right and wrong.   In ethical ones, the choice is between two rights. Everyday Im faced with decisions of right and wrong, most of whichRead Moret Types of ethical dilemmas Mastery67Questions123Materials Essay2477 Words   |  10 PagesTypes of ethical dilemmas Mastery 67% Questions 1 2 3 Materials on the concept: Typical Moral Dilemmas Confronting Business Communicators Ethics and Law for Management Communication Top of Form 1. As part of an effort to hire younger workers, a multinational organization assures applicants that they will get to visit its offices in other countries and work with the employees there. However, only two out of every nine workers actually get selected for such projects. What moral dilemma best fitsRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemmas of Collecting Data and the Consequential Revision of Commodities, Culture and the Politics of Representations Definitions 1751 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation or data has become assets to companies, being regarded as property to be bought and sold to between companies. However, this has put forward the following primary ethical dilemmas surrounding human rights: the right to informed consent and the right to personal data. In addition to the creation of ethical dilemmas, the collection of human data has brought about a need for a revision of definitions. Commodities are known as a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be boughtRead More Will the Real Lupe Garza Please Stand Up? Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesAn ethical dilemma is defined as a moral issue, where a situation has two equivalent undesirable alternatives and neither choice will resolve the ethical predicament. Lupe Garza, mother of two children, is a temporary employee at a plant. Garza is an excellent and talented worker, and supervisors have taken notice in her skills. A human resource specialist named Sara Jones, mislead Garza in thinking she would unquestionably obtain a permanent job position at the plant, causing Garza to turn downRead MoreThe Ethical Principles Of Respect For Autonomy984 Words   |  4 Pagesthe nurse to administer blood despite Mark’s refusal. This situation presents an ethical dilemma to the health professionals involved in Mark’s care. The ethical dilemma is whether to uphold his decision not to receive the blood and therefore risk his life or give him the blood to save his life despite knowing his religious status and beliefs. There are several ethical principles involved in this scenario. The ethical principles of respect for Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Veracity and Fidelity

Philosophy and Critical Thinking Skills Free Essays

What Is Your Philosophy Georgette Duropan PHL/215 April 11,2012 Ryan Shriver What Is Your Philosophy? According to â€Å"Merriam Webster† (2012), Epistemology is the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge, especially with reference to its limits and validity. In my essay I will give you a description about the approaches to philosophical questions for each of the major philosophical areas of inquiry, and explanation of how philosophy and culture interact in the development of thought. I will also give an explanation of why the selected philosophy best describes my identification of cultural factors that influenced my choice of philosophy. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy and Critical Thinking Skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Divisions of Philosophy falls into four areas, such as Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics (moral philosophy, social philosophy, political philosophy, and aesthetics), and Logic. Metaphysics has more to do with being or existence. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge and wants to know the truth. Ethics covers four different areas. Moral philosophy is the study of moral judgments. Social philosophy is the study of society and its institutions. Political philosophy focuses on the state and seeks to determine, proper organization. Aesthetics, study of art, and of value judgment. Making a statement to me will get me to use my critical thinking skills. I for one do one believe everything I am told until sold proof, facts, or reasoning have been proven. This falls into the same perspective on how philosophy and culture interact in the development of thought. How people choose to use their words when trying to explain something to me makes a big difference. Often times I can mistakenly misinterpret what the speaker is trying to say. In other words, something cannot be a true fact and a false fact in a sentence. I call this contradicting. However, two people coming from two different backgrounds or from two different cultures might say the same thing but mean the opposite. Using your critical thinking skills on how explanation of how philosophy and culture interact in the development of thought needs to be dug into and come out with solid proof, facts, or reasoning behind the statement. The major philosophical area of inquiry that best describes me is Epistemology. As I have mentioned above I am the kind of person where I need to have solid proof, facts, or reasoning before I believe something someone is trying to tell me. Because Epistemology is the theory of knowledge questions related to Epistemology are What is truth? and Is it possible to know anything with absolute certainty? The more you know, the more you are able to learn and grow. Knowledge is power. Epistemology has to do a lot on how one thinks. When I think I like to go deep into though, therefore; I rely on my own experiences as a reference. If I had none the only way to find out the truth is to experience it for my self. Some cultural factors that influenced my choice of philosophy specifically Epistemology is the Japanese cultural. For the New Year’s Japanese believes that consuming noodles will give you a long live because the noodles are longs. Although this is not a proven factor I do see a lot of older Japanese people consuming noodles. These people look healthy and strong therefore I just believed that noodles does give you along life. Another cultural factor that influenced my choice is the Filipino culture. My husband is pure Filipino and is originally from the Philippines. His mother, my mother in law told me that saving the first washing of the rice and use that first washing of the rice water to water the orchids will help sustain the life of the orchid plant. Because I am the kind of person that needs to have things proven to me I asked my mother in law to water one orchid with regular water and another orchid with the first washing of the rice water. Both orchids were of the same family of orchid types. After two months the orchid that was watered with the first washing of the rice produce two times as much more flowers then the regular watered orchid and the flowers from the first washing of the rice lasted about two times longer. Some may think that this is coincidence, however; after continuously watering the orchids with the first washing of the rice water versus regular results have spoken for itself. In conclusion, I discussed the definition of Epistemology, the approaches to philosophical questions for each of the major philosophical areas of inquiry, and explanation of how philosophy and culture interact in the development of thought. And I also gave an explanation of why the selected philosophy best describes my identification of cultural factors that influenced my choice of philosophy. Wanting to have solid proof, facts, or reasoning behind a question that is given is not a bad thing. This just shows that you obtaining answering behind a question will give you more knowledge. Knowledge is power! References Merriam webster. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/epistemology How to cite Philosophy and Critical Thinking Skills, Papers

Nonverbal vs Verbal Essay Example Essay Example

Nonverbal vs Verbal Essay Example Paper Nonverbal vs Verbal Essay Introduction The world we know is based on communication. People work, play and share ideas through communication. Each person must be able to make his thoughts and wants known to others and be able to understand the thoughts and wants of others. There are different mediums in which people can let others know what they think or want, this done through the different types of communication. Communication is defined in the Webster Dictionary as sending, giving or exchanging information and ideas which are often expressed non verbally and verbally which can be shown through facial expression, gesture, speaking and writing. The first scientific study of nonverbal communication was by Charles Darwin in his book called The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) in which he argued that all mammals show emotions reliably in their faces. Since recently studies of non verbal communication came more prominent as teachers of acting and pantomime analyzed how facial and body movement convey emoti ons. American anthropologist Edward T. Hall developed proxemics. Proxemics enables people to send and receive message without the use of words. He studied how people in different culture uses gesture, posture , speaking , distance and non verbal signs to communicate their feelings and social status because people would feel uncomfortable putting such feelings into words. (McIntosh, G. (2006). The World Book Encyclopedia, (Vol . 4 ,pp 887) Chicago: Encyclopedia World Book. Early in human life we develop a basic understanding of different forms of communication. For example babies at six months uses hand gestures to express themselves. They are taught to use their hands to wave to say bye bye, before they can talk. The face to face interaction and the emotions that people shows a child, helps them to form the ability to communicate. In infancy language and speech is not developed, babies communicate by using non verbal behaviour. When they are hurt or happy they will make a face to in dicate their emotions, these behaviours will stay with them into their adult stage and help with their verbal skills later on. Non verbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless message. Nonverbal vs Verbal Essay Body Paragraphs It can be communicated through gesture, touch, posture, eye contact and facial expression which can be communicated through object communication such as clothing, hairstyles, architecture and symbols. Non Verbal Communication (20000. Author. retrieved October 2, 2010. from http: www. wikipedia . org. / ,while words can be in the form of oral or written. Oral communication is defined by the Oxford Concise English Dictionary as a word spoken and it is an effective form of communication that gains attention quickly. Communication non verbally is very effective and understood worldwide. A smile is understood everywhere, so is laughing or crying, pointing to something directs attention to the object. Even a glance can be used to communicate and some movements of the body have special meaning. For example we nod our heads to say yes and shake them side or side to say ‘no’. Pictures are used to explain a thought or tell a story. A simple sound or colour is used to give informat ion. For example red is often a danger sign. It is said that action speaks louder than words. This action comes in the form of non verbal communication. It is always speaking in every action and behaviour of an individual. People thoughts and feelings are always sending messages through non verbal communication, because it speaks volume, there are times when a person says something verbally, but their body communicate differently through non verbal behaviours. If two messages were sent which contradict each other, people will have a tendency to believe the nonverbal over the verbal communication, because it is done unconsciously and it’s apart of our everyday behaviour. For instance, if someone says i hate you but is smiling, or laughing. One will not believe that they are telling the truth because people trust non verbal behaviour more than words. Body language speaks louder than words, sometimes a person is asked a question and all they have to do is show their body express ion. For example a person says come here to an individual and the individual hisses their teeth and uses their hands to shove them off. That body language answers the question immediately, because that person doesn’t have any interest in coming to that person from the body expression used. When an individual speaks two messages are sent one verbal and one non verbal. There is hardly a time a message is sent and there is no expression to it. Even before a sentence is spoken, the person listening observes the body language and facial expression of the speaker, to see if they are interested in hearing what they have to say. For example a person is asked to address a group of parents about a particular subject, on reaching the podium the speaker is improperly dressed for the occasion and slouches over the podium and his face is looks upset. Most people would not be interested in hearing the first words out of the speakers’ mouth just because of the non verbal message he se nt to the audience. In this case non verbal communication speaks louder than words, because of the way how the speaker portrays himself, no one will be interested in his speech because they have heard what he has to say already due to his attire and facial expression. In our society today the normal and universally popular medium of communication to any audience is by way of oral communication. However in some instances for the benefit of dumb, deaf individuals who may be a part of the audience an additional form of communication is also present. This form of communication normally uses sign language to get the message across. This non verbal communication or sign language has been in effect for ages now for the benefit of persons with challenges to their speaking and hearing ability. This method is the most effective way to communicate with these challenge person, but to the rest of the audience it is non significant and vague. Although it has been said that action speaks louder th an words but this maxim is not applicable in all cases. Somehow when using non verbal expression coordinated with signs it become more forceful and better understood. For instance raising the eye brow in nonverbal communication sends the message faster and more effective. However verbal communication is most effective when coupled with inflections of tone in voice and body gesture and posture. As much as one could gesticulate impressively in an ttempt to convey a non verbal communicate message, this cannot be effective or supersede a verbal message. Up until today worded communication is still considered the most effective means of relating to any one as a congregation. For instance , in any religious service the preacher or speaker could never and has never mention to use the channel of non verbal communication as the medium of delivering his message , unless of course all the audience is somehow challenged one way or the other . In some instances when there are mutes in the audien ce , or at function of an international nature there is sometimes another person who is engaged to translate and communicate verbal speech to non verbal communicative message , otherwise this is not the usual means of communication. But on the other hand that person can communicate effectively to a person who has the ability to talk effectively by communicating through gestures, hap tics and sign language. For instances A mute child was playing with a child that can speak who had some cookies , the handicapped wanted some , the use of signs and hap tics and gesture to communicate would have to used with this child so he could understand the message sent. Women display through the way of dress by their skimpy clothing exposing, expressing most of their bodies that they are interested to be counted. This mode of dress clearly emits a non verbal communicative message to members of the opposite sex for their approach. A police man in his uniform sends a message to the public that he is an officer without saying a word or have the words police written on his uniform. Another aspect of non verbal communication is through via the pointing of fingers , shaking it on showing a fist , this action depicts anger . A smile and for a wink of the eye while looking at someone of the opposite sex is also an invitation of wanting acquainted. In different parts of the world nonverbal expression means different things in different culture. For example in the form of haptics , Hindus resent to be touched with the eft hand because it’s a social insult and the left hand is used for toilet functions, while in Jamaica touching with the left hand is not offensive. With this, nonverbal communication is understood worldwide but some cultures perceives the same behaviour differently ways, while words around the world have the same meaning. For instance the word come here, does not have another meaning around the world because it is understood as it is. Communication whether non ver bal or worded is very important. It is the back bone of human existence. It helps us to be organised to learn and build good relationships. Without communication, there is no way to express thoughts, ideas and feelings. Human beings uses non verbal communication to control others, to clarify to stress , complement or emphasize verbal expression, Verbal expression does not carry the same impact as when its accompanied by non verbal expression. People are more interested in what a person has to say if the sender shows some form of enthusiasm and confidence. Nonverbal cues can be used to reinforce information sent to achieve communicative goals, messages have been shown to be remembered well when nonverbal signals compliment verbal exchange. We will write a custom essay sample on Nonverbal vs Verbal Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nonverbal vs Verbal Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nonverbal vs Verbal Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

10 Geography Facts About Florida

10 Geography Facts About Florida Capital: Tallahassee Population: 18,537,969 (July 2009 estimate) Largest Cities: Jacksonville, Miami, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Hialeah, and Orlando Area: 53,927 square miles (139,671 sq km) Highest Point: Britton Hill at 345 feet (105 m) Florida  is a state located in the southeastern United States. It is bordered by Alabama and Georgia to the north, while the rest of the state is a peninsula that is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Strait of Florida to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Because of its warm subtropical climate, Florida is known as the sunshine state. Florida Geography Facts Florida is a popular tourist destination for its many beaches, wildlife in areas like the Everglades, large cities such as Miami, and theme parks like Walt Disney World. Discover 10 more geography facts about Florida. 1. Many Native Americans Lived Here Florida was first inhabited by a number of different Native American tribes thousands of years prior to any European exploration of the region. The largest known tribes in Florida were the Seminole, Apalachee, Ais, Calusa, Timucua, and Tocabago. 2. It Was Discovered in 1513 On April 2, 1513, Juan Ponce de Leà ³n was one of the first Europeans to discover Florida. He named it as the Spanish term for flowered land. Following Ponce de Leà ³ns discovery of Florida, both the Spanish and the French began to build settlements in the region. In 1559, Spanish Pensacola was established as the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States. 3. Its the 27th State Florida officially entered the U.S. on March 3, 1845, as the 27th state. As the state grew, settlers began to force out the Seminole tribe. This resulted in the Third Seminole War, which lasted from 1855 to 1858 and resulted in most of the tribe being moved to other states (such as Oklahoma and Mississippi). 4. Tourism Drives the Economy Floridas economy is based mainly on services related to tourism, financial services, trade, transportation, public utilities, manufacturing, and construction. Tourism is the largest sector of Floridas economy. 5. The State Relies on Fishing Fishing is also a large industry in Florida. In 2009, the state made $6 billion and employed 60,000 Floridians. A large oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010 threatened both the fishing and tourism industries in the state. 6. Its Low-Lying Most of Floridas land area is built on a large peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Because Florida is surrounded by water, much of it is low-lying and flat. Its highest point, Britton Hill, is only 345 feet (105 m) above sea level. This makes it the lowest high point of any U.S. state. Northern Florida has a more varied topography, with gently rolling hills. However, it also has relatively low elevations. 7. It Rains Year-Round Floridas climate is highly affected by its maritime location as well as its southern U.S. latitude. The northern parts of the state have a climate thats considered humid subtropical, while the southern portions (including the Florida Keys) are tropical. Jacksonville, in northern Florida, has an average January low temperature of 45.6 degrees F (7.5 degrees C) and a July high of 89.3 degrees F (32 degrees C). Miami, on the other hand, has a January low of 59 degrees F (15 degrees C) and a July high of 76 degrees F (24 degrees C). Rain is common year-round in Florida. The state is also prone to hurricanes. 8. It Has Rich Biodiversity Wetlands like the Everglades are common throughout Florida and as a result, the state is rich in biodiversity. It is home to many endangered species and marine mammals like the bottlenose dolphin and the manatee, reptiles like the alligator and sea turtles, large land mammals like the Florida panther, as well as a  plethora of birds, plants, and insects. Many species also breed in Florida due to its mild climate and warm waters. 9. The People Are Diverse, Too Florida has the fourth highest population of any state in the U.S. and it is one of the countrys fastest growing. A large portion of Floridas population is considered Hispanic, but the majority of the state is Caucasian. South Florida also has significant populations of people from Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica. Additionally, Florida is known for its large retirement communities. 10. It Has Many Higher Education Options In addition to its biodiversity, large cities, and famous theme parks, Florida is also known for its well-developed university system. There are a number of large public universities in the state, such as Florida State University and the University of Florida, as well as many large private universities and community colleges. Source: Unknown. Florida. Infoplease, 2018.

Understand the Philosophical Theories of Nominalism and Realism

Understand the Philosophical Theories of Nominalism and Realism Nominalism and realism are the two most distinguished positions in western metaphysics dealing with the fundamental structure of reality. According to realists, all entities can be grouped into two categories: particulars and universals. Nominalists instead argue that there are only particulars.   How Do Realists Understand Reality? Realists postulate the existence of two kinds of entities, particulars, and universals. Particulars resemble each other because they share universals; for example, each particular dog has four legs, can bark, and has a tail.  Universals can also resemble each other by sharing other universals; for example, wisdom and generosity resemble each other in that they are both virtues.  Plato and Aristotle were among the most famous realists. The intuitive plausibility of realism is evident. Realism allows us to take seriously the subject-predicate structure of discourse through which we represent the world. When we say that Socrates is wise it is because there are both Socrates (the particular) and wisdom (the universal) and the particular exemplifies the universal. Realism also can explain the use we often make of abstract reference. Sometimes qualities are subjects of our discourse, as when we  say that wisdom is a virtue or that red is a color. The realist can interpret these discourses as asserting that there is a universal (wisdom; red) that exemplifies another universal (virtue; color). How Do Nominalists Understand Reality? Nominalists offer a radical definition of reality: there are no universals, only particulars. The basic idea is that the world is made exclusively from particulars and the universals are of our own making. They stem from our representational system (the way we think about the world) or from our language (the way we speak of the world). Because of this, nominalism is clearly tied in a close manner also to epistemology  (the study of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion). If there are only particulars, then there is no virtue, apples, or genders. There are, instead, human conventions that tend to group objects or ideas into categories. Virtue exists only because we say it does: not because there is a universal abstraction of virtue. Apples only exist as a particular type of fruit because we as humans have categorized a group of particular fruits in a particular way. Maleness and femaleness, as well, exist only in human thought and language. The most distinguished nominalists include Medieval philosophers William of Ockham (1288-1348) and John Buridan (1300-1358) as well as contemporary philosopher Willard van Orman Quine. Problems for Nominalism and Realism The debate between supporters of those two opposed camps spurred some of the most puzzling problems in metaphysics, such as the puzzle of the ship of Theseus, the puzzle of the 1001 cats, and the so-called problem of exemplification (that is, the problem of how particulars and universals can be related to each other).   Its puzzles like these which render the debate regarding the fundamental categories of metaphysics so challenging and fascinating.

Fire Engineering Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9250 words

Fire Engineering - Literature review Example The study explores the role of these consultants in ensuring building design, development and sustenance for adherence to fire safety to understand the extent to which fire safety engineering solutions are important in fire engineering today. As buildings codes exist, so do the need for inspection for compliance and for adherence to fire safety which is usually overlooked by concerned administration or engineers in the respective departments. A building is a complex system with fire safety design being a part or inter-related sub-system of this complex system design. Two parameters: fire load density FLD (in MJm–2) and occupant load factor OLF are key in assessment of local fire codes in Hong Kong. A survey of private buildings in Hong Kong in February 1998 revealed that just 11 percent of the buildings were in satisfactory conditions in terms of fire safety. The survey was conducted by Fire Services Department (FSD) for provision and compliance with fire service installations and equipment (FSI) for fire prevention, detection and protection in the buildings. Incidents of fire in domestic and commercial buildings and rail and road tunnels have attracted criticism from the public as well as from other quarters and there have been constant changes in the building ordinance for fire safety to protect life and property. A framework for fire safety exists, based on which it is learnt that various countries including Hong Kong and Australia have developed a regulatory system for fire safety in buildings. The framework provides goals, objectives, performance requirements and means of compliance for building fire safety (Code of Practice for Fire Safety in Buildings, 2011). Factors determining fire safety in buildings, codes of practice for fire safety, design and performance of fire safety framework, compliance issues by segment, health and safety of building occupants and the insights into fire fighting industry in general in Hong Kong will be covered in this chapter. As buildings codes exist, so do the need for inspection for compliance and for adherence to fire safety which is usually overlooked by concerned administration or engineers in the respective departments. The role of these consultants in ensuring building design, development and sustenance for adherence to fire safety will also be explored to understand the extent to which fire safety engineering solutions are important in fire engineering today. Building occupancy Considering that Asian cities are becoming more urban with most of the population residing in high-rise buildings can be useful in studying the fire engineering solutions being employed to protect the life of the occupants and also the property. A study of the differences in structures shows that compartmentalized and non-compartmentalized structures with isomorphic and non-isomorphic floor plans can be assessed for fire safety (Livesay and Donegan, 2003, p 64.1) using different models like flame spread model, hea t transfer model, etc. (Bong, 2000). Hong Kong has a building control mechanism as shown in Figure 1 which includes design for fire safety mechanism as per codes of practice laid by two different legislative bodies, Buildings Ordinance (BO) and the Fire Services Ordinance (FSO), the compliance for which is overlooked by an Authorized Person (AP) acting as the project co-ordinator. The AP ensures that the building design, construction and management are in compliance with the BO in terms of fire engineering approach and performance (Lo et al, 2007, pp 133,134). Figure 1: Building control mechanism in Hong Kong. Source: (Lo et al, 2007, p 134). Building fire safety control mechanism takes into account the route complexity owing to the topological network of rooms and the passages that connect the rooms and floors to the exit space. Information theory and entropy are studied to formulate a mathematical model in Artificial Intelligence (AI) to evaluate the complexity of egress (or means of escape) based on route complexity. Building type comparisons are carried out by considering building plans as networks with the habitable compartments considered as the nodes of the network while the defined links between nodes or the connected passages between rooms and floors are considered as arcs or information steps. Using this information and the behaviour of fire using the different models, the egress