Sudeep Annem Essays (364 words) - Christianity, Literature

Sudeep Annem Mrs. Burch AP English Literature 11 September 2017 Visual Essay Statement I examined the impact of the dark theme of death which reflected the atmosphere of the medieval times. In an era rampant with disease and misfortune, many works of poetry reflected the gloomy atmosphere surrounding their poets. The poems that asserted the dominance of death in medieval literature were Death be Not Proud written by John Donne, Hell before Purgatory located in the Worcester Manuscript, and Pearl by an unknown official writer. These three poems provided varying point of views of the impactful writers in medieval times. The first poem describes one attitude that many adapted towards death during this time. Since death was occurring so frequently those like John Donne sought to justify death and discuss its weakness. He states that death has no power over humans as they can live eternally after they pass away. Also, since the body remains after death Donne argues that the only thing that truly perishes is death itself. The second poem has a more gruesome outlook on the effects of death. It talks about how the fires of purgatory are inescapable regardless of how many merits are accumulated over the course of a lifetime. The final poem discusses how death is a dreamlike state, but it is sacred. No mortals may trespass on the celestial affairs of the afterlife. A man goes looking for his pearl and angers the heavens resulting in divine punishment. All of the aspects of death led to the selection of visuals I ma de in my collage. The choice of a scythe represented the power that death held over humans in medieval times and within the scythe was an array of unique medieval paintings and pieces of art which expressed the fleetingness and inevitability of death. In addition, I incorporated images that suggested the impact of religion and the current state of world affairs (namely the Black Plague) had on the interpretation of death in medieval art and literature. The theme of death defined the culture of Medieval times and the many representations and beliefs surrounding death located in literature helped show the modern people the harsh life that awaited those in that time.

Avoiding Plagiarism when Writing Essays

Avoiding Plagiarism when Writing Essays There are different essay that one can write. When the teachers in the schools give the students the essay assignments they expect that the students will do their research and they hand over work free from plagiarism as well as best written essays. The teachers will definitely give penalties to those students who will not adhere to these warnings. In some of the schools the teachers will cancel the work and the students will have to repeat the paper. Others if it was a research, then the teachers will expel the students if they have repeated the same mistake. Therefore, avoiding plagiarism when writing essays is necessary for all the students to avoid failing in the exams. This is why the students are very keen in the classes as the teachers teach. They do not want to fail in the exams or even get expelled from the schools. They seek help from those that understand how to do free essays from plagiarism. The students should thereby learn how to read articles and use their won words to avoid plagiarism. Reading the articles and coming up with their own writings will show how original they are. They should write the essays using the common knowledge that they have. Even the small things that they think they should not ignore them but use them in their writing. This way they will not only produce essays without plagiarism but they will also manage to produce the best essays. On the other hand since the teachers want the best essays the students should be able to give organized work to the teachers. An organized essay will capture the teacher’s attention and even if the student has not written all correct things the teacher will at least award the student some marks. On the other hand if the student writes disorganized work there will be a possibility that even if he has written correct information the teacher will not be interested in its reading and will end up not marking the work but just guess the marks that he will award the student. This is the reason as to why the teachers in the classes will never get tired of asking the students to produce organized work. Another thing that the teachers want in the essay is that they want the students to give clean work. This is because if the student just wrote an essay and after every paragraph there is a cancelled line, then he will not be able to go through the work. Therefore the students should ensure that they do not give work that has been cancelled too much for marking. They should either avoid cancelling or the transfer the work into another clean page. This is all that the teachers want form the students. Our essay writing company will help you avoid plagiarism in writing essays by means of providing students with custom written papers.

Internet marketing of Dell Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Internet marketing of Dell - Case Study Example In 1997 this Texas based company was converting every $1 invested into $1.54 - well ahead of IBM who could only offer $0.47. (McWilliams, 1997). Today (2006-02-17) it's stock opened at $31.99 with almost 40m trades. In his book Direct From Dell Michael Dell describes his moment of epiphany. In the first 6 months of 1993 the company made a $65 million loss from inventory write-downs partly due to an industry wide price war started by Compaq. At this time it had moved from its original direct sales model to a retailer model (Kraemer and Dedrick, 2001). Dell subsequently returned to a business model for minimizing inventory and maximising return on investment. Dell complemented this with its vision of a 'virtually integrated business' in which information is more important than assets. Dell used the Internet to bring customers and suppliers into the business. Dell already provided its clients and partners with a time-conscious, customer-centric approach. It was this low-cost, fast-paced customer-centric business model philosophy which Dell translated to the Internet and which ultimately led to increased dividends and market share. This is the key point; it is not enough simply to add technology - it must be evaluated to ensure that poor processes and practices are not replicated. Bringing in technology is an opportunity to re-engineer poor processes and practices. Failure to do so will mean that the same mistakes will be replicated at the speed of light. The Internet brings the added risk that potential clients and business partners will be able to see at a glance that an organization is not able to meet its needs due to internal structural weaknesses. Before the Internet was opened up for commercial use in 1995 Dell employees were accessing financial reports, customer data, technical and product information as well as HR data across the corporate intranet, which was known as Dellnet. By 1995 essentially Dell used the Internet to offer the same tools to its clients and business partners as it gave internally to its sales team. This 'value web or the virtual corporation' (Kraemer and Dedrick, 2001, page 9) allowed Dell to expand its business without increasing its overheads. Prior to launching Dell.com Dell was already ahead of its competitors in shaping demand by providing advisories to corporate IT buyers, educating them about alternatives and persuading them that it could offer a better return on their IT dollars, and lower their overall cost of ownership. For example, as part of its custom-built approach to hardware Dell's sales advisors were provided with compatible but also easily available parts, which they would then suggest to clients who invariably agreed with the 'expert' sales team. (McWilliams, 1997). As Dell's products were only available by direct order it was able to take advantage of just-in-time manufacturing where it was able to see a 6% profit advantage over its competitors. Dell also insisted that components used in its machines were warehoused within 15-30 minutes of its manufacturing line (Kraemer and Dedrick, 2001). From the beginning Dell used the Internet to build on those strategic advantages. The Internet became one of its mos t effective communication techniques to build its brand, eliminate the middleman and segment its market. In particular

Freedom of speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Freedom of speech - Essay Example Freedom of speech Freedom of speech is one of the most valued rights of every citizen in the world. The following types of speech are not protected under the First Amendment: those that damage the reputation of another, those that stimulate illegal action, those directed to another person and would inflict injury or a fight and those that are found obscene according to the Miller test. In Miller vs. California, the court gave three points to use on deciding whether something could be described as obscene. These points were applied in the two cases which are the subjects of this paper. Both courts found that the first and second parts of the Miller test were fulfilled. As what had been stated in Skywalker vs. Navarro, Florida laws are very specific on what it considers as obscene. Although this writer agrees with Luke Records that since the judge referred to Florida’s criminal law description as to what is obscene proof beyond reasonable doubt, a requisite in a criminal case, should be presented , the writer also understands the first court’s opinion that the proceeding is not a criminal one and as such aspects of a criminal case is not necessary. The court only needs to review if the material meets Florida laws, as identified in the Miller test. This writer also agrees with the appellate court that the judge’s background in relation to the community referred to in the case is enough to satisfy the first part of the Miller test.... Lastly, as stated earlier, this writer is of the mind that the first court was correct in finding the material, as a whole, lacking of artistic value. True, the music is of hip-hop and rap, two of the most influential and popular kinds of music of the current generation. However, the object of the case in Skywalker vs. Navarro was not the music was a whole but the lyrics or the words in the songs as a whole. As such, â€Å"work, taken as a whole,† as stated in part three of the Miller test should be associated with only the entire lyrics found in As Nasty As They Can Be and not the songs which denotes music combined with lyrics. This writer believes that the appellants knew their album would be tagged as obscene because of the words that can be found there which is why they spent time and money recording and coming out with a â€Å"clean† version and even put a clear warning on the album. The only notable difference between the â€Å"clean† version and the versio n in question were the lyrics, which was really the main focus of the first case. The appellants’ witness who testified about the lyrics claimed that these are examples of musical and literary conventions even. This may be so. Nevertheless, this writer believes that given that because the appellants actually invested on creating a more wholesome version of the album in question, they are only using the First Amendment to protect themselves from further losing on the income they could still get from the album, which had already earned four times more than the album’s cleaner version. Works Cited: Luke Records, Inc. V. Navarro. 960 F. 2d. 134. United States Court of Appeals, 1992. Web. 23 November 2012. Skywalker Records, Inc. v. Navarro. 738

Whole Food Market, USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Whole Food Market, USA - Essay Example The objective of this study is to outline marketing mix and market entry strategy for Whole Food Market, Inc. while entering into Netherlands. Cultural dimensions of new market would also be included in the study so as to reflect upon its impact on proposed marketing mix. The entire study shall be centered towards global market strategy of Whole Food Market, Inc. 3. Main Findings 3.2 Marketing Mix of Whole Foods Market, Inc., Global Expansion 3.2.1 Product ïÆ'Ëœ Concept: Organic products and natural food products would be delivered in Netherlands market. ïÆ'Ëœ Whole Foods Market, Inc., Global Strategy: Global strategy shall be either direct exporting or wholly owned subsidiary. ïÆ'Ëœ Brief Adaptation or Standardization in Netherlands: Standardization product strategy would be applied in Netherlands market in order to sustain their competitive advantage (De Burca, Brown and Fletcher, 2004). 3.2.2 Price ïÆ'Ëœ Concept: The main concept is to acquire maximum market share and establish a stable market position. ïÆ'Ëœ Whole Foods Market, Inc., Global Strategy: In global context, the focus would be on market development strategy. ïÆ'Ëœ Brief Adaptation or Standardization in Netherlands: Adaptation approach will be applied on Netherlands market in the context of pricing strategy. 3.2.3 Place ïÆ'Ëœ Concept: Marketing mix element place is related to distribution network. Whole Foods Market will be delivering products to manufacturing or processing plant to the warehouse and finally to retail stores.

Solid Dispersion System in Drug Delivery

Solid Dispersion System in Drug Delivery The oral route remains the preferred route of drug administration due to its convenience, good patient compliance and low medicine production costs. In order for a drug to be absorbed into the systemic circulation following oral administration, the drug must be dissolved in the gastric fluids. The active pharmaceutical ingredient in a solid dosage form must undergo dissolution before it is available for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.1 Currently, approximately 40% of the marketed immediate release (IR) oral drugs are categorized as practically insoluble ( 1.1 Biopharmaceutics classification system The Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) was introduced in the mid-1990s to classify the drug substances with respect to their aqueous solubility and membrane permeability. BCS is a useful tool for decision-making in formulation development from a biopharmaceutical point of view. Solubility improvement strategies are required for Class II and Class IV drugs. 1.2 Approaches to improve the solubility or to increase the available surface area for dissolution Physical modifications Particle size Micronization Nanosuspensions Modifications of the crystal habit Polymorphs Pseudopolymorphs (including solvates) Complexation/solubilization Use of surfactants Use of cyclodextrins Drug dispersion in carriers Eutectic mixtures Solid dispersions (non-molecular) Solid solutions Chemical modifications Soluble prodrugs Salts 1.3 Solid Dispersions The term solid dispersion refers to a group of solid products consisting of at least two different components, generally a hydrophilic matrix and a hydrophobic drug. The matrix can be either crystalline or amorphous. The drug can be dispersed molecularly, in amorphous particles (clusters) or in crystalline particles.7 Much of the research that has been reported on solid dispersion technologies involves drugs that are poorly water-soluble and highly permeable to biological membranes as with these drugs dissolution is the rate limiting step to absorption. Hence, the hypothesis has been that the rate of absorption in-vivo will be concurrently accelerated with an increase in the rate of drug dissolution. Therefore, solid dispersion technologies are particularly promising for improving the oral absorption and bioavailability of BCS Class II drugs. 1.3.1 Types of solid dispersions On the basis of release mechanisms and molecular arrangement in the matrix, solid dispersions are distinguished into following types9: A. Simple eutectic mixture: Eutectic mixture is prepared by rapid solidification of fused melts of two components that show a complete liquid miscibility with negligible solid-solid solubility. It involves loose atomic or molecular interaction and not on the formation of chemical bonds. When the eutectic mixture is exposed to gastrointestinal fluids, both the poorly soluble drug and the carrier may simultaneously crystallize out as a very small particles result in an increased the surface area and improved dissolution and absorption of the drug. B. Solid solution: A solid solution represents a homogenous one phase system, where the solid solution is dissolved in a solid solvent and the two components crystallize together. The solid solution achieves faster dissolution than a eutectic mixture because the drug particles in a solid solution are reduced to molecular size and dissolution of the drug takes place in the solid state prior to the exposure to the liquid medium. C. Glass solution: It is a homogenous glassy system in which a solute dissolves on glassy solvent results in increased dissolution and absorption of the drug. It is characterized by a transparency and brittleness below the glass forming temperature. Glass solution is a metastable and the strength of the chemical bonding is much less as compared to solid solution. Therefore, the release of the drug was found to be faster than a solid solution. D. Amorphous precipitations in crystalline carrier: An amorphous form of a drug produces faster dissolution rate. The drug may precipitate out in an amorphous form in a crystalline carrier from solid dispersions prepared by melting or solvent method. A strong interaction between the drug and carrier resulting in the formation of channels within the matrix seems to be a possible mechanism for improved dissolution of the drug. E. Compound or complex formation: The formation of a complex between the drug and the carrier may either decrease of increase the dissolution and the absorption rate of the drug. The formation of soluble complex with low association constant resulted in increased rate of dissolution and absorption. The enhancement in dissolution rate of the drug can be ascribed to An increasing solubility of the drug because of its amorphous state or small particle size (Kelvins law)9,10 An increased surface area available for drug dissolution because of the small size of the drug particles11,12 An improvement in wetting of the drug caused by the hydrophilic carrier13,14 1.3.2 Advantageous properties of solid dispersions Management of the drug release profile using solid dispersions is achieved by manipulation of the carrier and solid dispersion particle properties. Parameters such as carrier molecular weight and composition, drug crystallinity and particle porosity and wettability, when successfully controlled, can produce improvements in bioavailability.16 a. Particles with reduced particle size: Molecular dispersions, as solid dispersions, represent the last state on particle size reduction, and after carrier dissolution the drug is molecularly dispersed in the dissolution medium. Solid dispersions apply this principle to drug release by creating a mixture of a poorly water soluble drug and highly soluble  carriers. A high surface area is formed, resulting in an increased dissolution rate and consequently, improved bioavailability. b. Particles with improved wettability: Strong contribution to the enhancement of drug solubility is related to the drug wettability improvement in solid dispersions. It was observed that even carriers without any surface activity, such as urea improved drug wettability. Carriers with surface activity, such as cholic acid and bile salts, when used, can significantly increase the wettability properties of drugs. Moreover, carriers can influence the drug dissolution profile by direct dissolution or co-solvent effects. c. Particles with higher porosity: Particles in solid dispersions have been found to have a higher degree of porosity. The increase in porosity also depends on the carrier properties, for instance, solid dispersions containing linear polymers produce larger and more porous particles than those containing reticular polymers and, therefore, result in a higher dissolution rate. The increased porosity of solid dispersion particles also hastens the drug release profile. d. Drugs in amorphous state: Poorly water soluble crystalline drugs, when in the amorphous state tends to have higher solubility. The enhancement of drug release can usually be achieved using the drug in its amorphous state, because no energy is required to break up the crystal lattice during the dissolution process. 1.3.3. Carriers used in solid dispersions Many carriers of natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic types are being used which include natural carbohydrates, semi-synthetic and synthetic hydrophilic polymers. S.No:  1 Nature of carrier:  Sugars Name of the carrier:  Dextrose, sorbitol, sucrose, fructose,maltose,galactose, xylitol, mannitol S.No:  2 Nature of carrier:  Acids Name of the carrier:  Citric acid, tartaric acid and succinic acid S.No:  3 Nature of carrier:  Polymorphic materials Name of the carrier:  Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycols, hydroxyl propylmethylcellulose (HPMC), guargum, xanthan gum, sodium alginate, methyl cellulose, pectin, hydroxyl ethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxyl propyl cellulose (HPC) and dextrins. S.No:  4 Insoluble or enteric Nature of carrier:  polymer Name of the carrier:  Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulosepthalate, eudragit RL, eudragit L 100, eudragit S100, eudragit RS. S.No:  5 Nature of carrier:  Surfactants Name of the carrier:  Polyethylene stearate, poloxamer 188, tweens and spans. S.No:  6 Nature of carrier:  Miscellaneous Name of the carrier:  Nicotinic acid, succinamide, dextrans, gelatin, poly vinyl alcohol, urea, cyclodextrins, skimmed milk etc., Table 1.2 Various carriers used in solid dispersions 1.3.4. Preparation techniques of solid dispersions The following are the major processes for the preparation of solid dispersions. A. Solvent evaporation method: In this method, the physical mixture of two components is dissolved in a common solvent and followed by the evaporation of solvent. The advantages of this method are low temperature requirements for the preparation of dispersion and thermal decomposition of drugs and carriers can be prevented. The higher cost of production, incomplete removal of solvent, adverse effects of solvent on the chemical stability of the drug and selection of common solvent are the drawbacks of this method. B. Melting method (Fusion method): The physical mixture of drug and water- soluble carrier was heated to melt and the molten mixture was then cooled and solidified mass was crushed, pulverized and sieved. The melting point of a binary system depends on its composition and proper manipulation of drug carrier ratios. Decomposition should be avoided due to fusion time and the rate of cooling. C. Kneading method: The physical mixture of drug and carrier were triturated using small quantity of organic solvent and water mixture, usually alcohol and water (1:1v/v). The slurry is kneaded for 45 minutes and dried at 45 °C. The dried mass is pulverized and sieved through sieve no. 60 and the fraction was collected. The advantages of this method are low temperature requirements for solid dispersion preparation and usage of organic solvent is less. This method of preparation avoids thermal degradation of drug and employs less quantity of organic solvents. D. Melting solvent method: This method involves dissolving the drug in a suitable solvent and the incorporation of the solution directly into the molten carrier. This method possesses the advantages of both solvent and melting methods. E. Supercritical fluid methods: Supercritical fluid methods are mostly applied with carbon dioxide (CO2), which is used as either a solvent for drug and matrix or as an antisolvent. This technique consists of dissolving the drug and the carrier in a common solvent that is introduced into a particle formation vessel through a nozzle, simultaneously with CO2. When the solution is sprayed, the solvent is rapidly extracted by the SCF, resulting in the precipitation of solid dispersion particles on the walls and bottom of the vessel. This technique does not require the use of organic solvent and since CO2 is considered environmentally friendly, this technique is referred to as solvent free. This technique is known as Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution (RESS). F. Lyophilization/ Freeze Drying: This technique is an alternative to the solvent evaporation method. Here the drug and carrier are dissolved in common solvent, frozen and sublimed to obtain a lyophilized molecular dispersion. G. Melt agglomeration process: This technique is used to prepare solid dispersion where a binder acts as a carrier. The solid dispersion is prepared by heating binder, drug and excipient to a temperature above the melting point or spraying the dispersion of drug in the molten binder on the heated excipients using a high shear mixer. The effect of binder type, method preparation and particle size are the critical factors influencing the solid dispersion preparation by this method. These parameters results in various dissolution rates, mechanism of agglomerate formation and growth, agglomerate size and distribution. 1.3.5. Limitations of solid dispersion systems: Problems limiting the commercial application of solid dispersions are: Laborious and expensive method of preparation. Reproducibility of physico-chemical characteristics. Difficulty in incorporating into the formulation of dosage forms. Crystallization of the amorphous drug in the dispersion. Poor scale up of manufacturing process and physical and chemical stability of drug and the vehicle. 1.4 FDTs: Fast-disintegrating and fast-dissolving tablets are becoming popular as novel delivery systems for drug administration. They are more convenient for children, elderly patients, patients with swallowing difficulties, and in the absence of potable liquids. The most desirable formulation for use by the elderly is one that is easy to swallow easy to handle. Taking these requirements into consideration, attempts have been made to develop a fast-disintegrating tablet. Since such a tablet can disintegrate in only a small amount of water in the oral cavity, it is easy to take for any age patient, regardless of time or place. For example, it can be taken anywhere at anytime by anyone who do not have easy access to water. It is also easy to dose the aged, bedridden patients, or infants who have problems swallowing tablets and capsules. Recently, many companies have researched and developed various types of fast-disintegrating dosage forms.18 These tablets display a fast and spontaneous de-aggregation in the mouth, soon after the contact with saliva, though they can be handled or extracted from the package without alteration. The active agent can thus rapidly dissolve in the saliva and be absorbed through whatever membrane it encounters, during deglutition, unless it is protected from pre-gastric absorption. To fulfill these requirements, tablets must be highly porous, incorporating hydrophilic excipients, able to rapidly absorb water for a rapid deaggregation of the matrix. Different technological techniques, such as freeze drying or molding or direct compression are currently employed to prepare the formulations of this type present on the pharmaceutical market. 1.4.1 Advantages of Fast Disintegrating Drug Delivery System (FDDS) 19,20 Ease of administration to patients who refuse to swallow a tablet, such as pediatric and geriatric patients, mentally ill, disabled and uncooperative. Convenience of administration and accurate dosing as compared to liquids. No need of water to swallow the dosage form, which is highly convenient feature for patients who are traveling and do not have immediate access to water. Good mouth feel property of FDDS helps to change the basic view of medication as bitter pill, particularly for pediatric patients. Ability to provide the advantages of liquid medication in the form of solid preparation. Rapid dissolution of drug and absorption, which may produce rapid onset of action. Some drugs are absorbed from the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus as the saliva passes down into the stomach; in such cases bioavailability of drugs is increased. Pregastric absorption can result in improved bioavailability and as a result of reduced dosage, improved clinical performance through a reduction of unwanted effects. 1.4.2 Approaches for fast disintegrating tablets A. Patented technologies Currently, four fast-dissolving/disintegrating technologies have reached the U.S. market: Zydis (R.P. Scherer, Inc.) WOWTAB (Yamanouchi Pharma Technologies, Inc.) OraSolv (Cima Labs, Inc.) DuraSolv (Cima Labs, Inc.) B. Three others are available outside the U.S. Flash Dose (Fuisz Technologies, Ltd.), Flash tab (Prographarm Group), OraQuick (KV Pharmaceutical Co., Inc.) Nanocrystal Technology C. Conventional technologies Freeze -drying or lyophilization Tablet Molding Direct compression Spray drying Sublimation Mass extrusion Direct compression It is the easiest way to manufacture tablets. Conventional equipment, commonly available excipients and a limited number of processing steps are involved in direct compression. Also high doses can be accommodated and final weight of the tablet can easily exceed that of other production methods. Directly compressed tablets disintegration and solubilization depends on the single or combined action of disintegrates, water soluble excipients and effervescent agent. Disintegrate efficacy is strongly affected by tablet size and hardness. Large and hard tablets have a disintegration time more than that usually required. As consequences, products with optimal disintegration properties often have medium to small size and /or high friability and low hardness. Breakage of tablet edges during handling and tablet rupture during the opening of blister, all results from insufficient physical resistance. Disintegrants have a major role in the disintegration and dissolution process of mouth dissolving Tablets made by direct compression. To ensure a high disintegration rate, choice of suitable type and an optimal amount of disintegrant is important. Other formulation components such as water soluble excipients or effervescent agents can further enhance dissolution or disintegration properties. But the main drawback of using effervescent excipients is their highly hygroscopic nature. The understanding of disintegrant properties and their effect on formulation has advanced during the last few years, particularly regarding so called superdisintegrants. Disintegration efficiency is based on a force equivalent concept, which is the combined measurement of swelling force development and amount of water absorption. Force equivalent expresses the capability of disintegrant to transform absorbed water into swelling force. The optimization of tablet disintegration was defined by means of disintegrant critical concentration. Below this concentration, the tablet disintegration time is inversely proportional to disintegrate concentration and above that disintegration time remains approximately constant or even increases. The simultaneous presence of disintegrate with a high swelling force called disintegrating agent and substances with low swelling force ( starch, cellulose and direct compression sugar) defined as, swelling agent was claimed to be a key factor for the rapid disintegration of the tablet, which also offers physical resistance. 1.4.3 Mechanism of tablet disintegration and water absorption When mouth dissolving tablets placed in the mouth, upon contact with saliva the tablet disintegrates or dissolve instantaneously. The mechanisms involved in the tablet disintegration mechanisms are Swelling Wicking (capillary) Deformation Particle repulsive forces Chemical reaction (acid base reaction) a. Swelling Not all disintegrates swell in contact with water swelling is believed to be a mechanism in which; certain disintegrating agents (like starch) impart their disintegrating effect. By swelling in contact with water, the adhesiveness of other ingredients in a tablet is overcome causing the tablet to disintegrate. b. Wicking (porosity and capillary action) Effective disintegrants that do not swell are believed to impart their disintegrating action through porosity and capillary action. Tablets porosity provides a way for the penetration of fluid into tablets. The disintegrants particles (with cohesiveness and compressibility) themselves act to enhance porosity and provide these capillaries into the tablets. Liquid is drawn up or wicked into these ways by capillary action and rupture the inter-particulate bonds causing the tablet to break into small parts. c. Deformation Starch grains are generally thought to be elastic in nature that is the grains that are deformed under pressure will return to their original shape when that pressure is removed. But, with the compression forces involved in tabletting, these grains are permanently deformed and are said to be energy rich with these energies being released upon exposure to water, that is the ability for starch to swell is higher in energy rich starch grains than in starch grains that have not been deformed under pressure. It is believed that no single mechanism is responsible for the action of most disintegrants. But rather, it is more likely the results of interrelationships between these major mechanisms. d. Due to disintegrating particle/particle repulsive forces: Another mechanism of disintegration attempts to explain the swelling of tablets made with non-swellable disintegrants. Guyot-Hermann has proposed a particle repulsion theory based on the observation that nonswelling particle also causes disintegration of tablets. The electric repulsive forces between particles are the mechanism of disintegration and water is required for it. Researchers found that repulsion is secondary to wicking. e. Chemical reaction (acid base reaction) Disintegration of tablet included with citric acid and tartaric acid along with the sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate; these react in contact with water to liberate carbon dioxide that disrupts the tablet. Name of the Product:  Imodium Lingual Active Ingredients:  Loperamide hydrochloride Dose:  2 mg Name of the Product:  Pepcidin Rapitab Active Ingredients:  Famotidine Dose:  20mg and 40 mg Name of the Product:  Mosid MT Active Ingredients:  Mosapride citrate. Dose:  2.5mg and 5mg Name of the Product:  Calritin Reditabs Active Ingredients:  Loratadine Dose:  10 mg Name of the Product:  Nimulid MD Active Ingredients:  Nimesulide Dose:  50mg and 100mg Name of the Product:  Zyrof Meltab Active Ingredients:  Rofecoxib Dose:  50 mg Name of the Product:  Feldene Melt Active Ingredients:  Piroxicam Dose:  10mg and 20 mg Name of the Product:  Maxalt-MLT Active Ingredients:  Rizatriptan Dose:  5mg and 10 mg Name of the Product:  Pepcid RPD Active Ingredients:  Famotidine Dose:  20mg and 40 mg Name of the Product:  Zyprexa Zydis Active Ingredients:  Olanzapine Dose:  5mg, 10mg, 15mg and 20 mg Name of the Product:  Zofran ODT Active Ingredients:  Ondansetron Dose:  4 mg and 8 mg Name of the Product:  Remeron Soltab Active Ingredients:  Mirtazepine Dose:  15mg, 30mg and 45 mg Name of the Product:  NuLev Active Ingredients:  Hyoscyamine sulfate Dose:  0.125 mg Table 1.3 Marketed fast disintegrating tablets Piroxicam, a non-steroidal anti inflammatory agent, belonging to BCS class II is widely used as a first line drug in the symptomatic relief of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Its low aqueous solubility has to be overcome through formulation strategies. Skimmed milk can be used as a drug carrier as it is inexpensive, easily available, biodegradable, and does not exhibit toxicity problems as experienced with PEG and PVP.24-26 Polymers  as  carriers  also  have  limitations  in  enhancing  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  solubility  of poorly  soluble drugs  due to  their  high viscosity. So the use of skimmed milk in the formulation of the SD of the drugs with limited aqueous solubility may be a potential and cost effective way to overcome the problem.27 Skimmed milk is a colloidal suspension of casein micelles, globular proteins and lipoprotein particles. The principal casein fractions are a-s1, a-s2, b-casein and k-casein. b-casein is amphiphilic and acts as a detergent molecule with surfactant property. The milk also contains whey proteins with principle fractions of the b-lacto globulin, a-lactalbumin, bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulins. These molecules were found to be surface active with a superior solubility than caseins.28 Aminoacids have been suggested either as additives in peroral application or in the form of aminoacid salts to reduce gastrointestinal disorders arising due to piroxicam like NSAIDs. The surface active agents and amino acid content are expected to be the reason for increased permeation of the drug from the solid dispersion.29,30

Euthanasia should not be legalized in the US Essay examples -- Mercy K

For the past decade all over the world, one of the most argued and debated about topics has been a patient’s right to choose to end his or her life by means of euthanasia. Euthanasia is the practice of ending a life in a painless manner. It has been and still remains an extremely controversial topic in the US. Does a person have the right to die? Should euthanasia be legalized? Legalizing euthanasia has become a burning topic to doctors, societies, governments, and nations. To me, the US government should not legalize euthanasia. I agree that people should have the right to do anything they want to do, but the death of a human is something that should not be controlled by another human. Life is a divine gift that really matters to all. According to Pope John Paul II, â€Å"A man, even if seriously sick or prevented in the exercise of its higher functions, is and will be always a man. He will never become a vegetable or an animal. The intrinsic value and personal dignity of every human being does not change depending on their circumstances.† Also, most of the people, who ask for the hel...

The Effects of Bullying on Academic Achievement

THE EFFECT OF BULLYING ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF LEARNERS IN HIGH SCHOOLTHE BACKGROUND TO THE STUDYBullying has become a challenge that numerous schools are battling with. Olweus (1995), noted that bullying happens at schools during times when a person is exposed over and over again to negative behaviour which can be either verbal or physical to one or more learners. Olweus also noted that a bullying relationship requires an inequality of strength or power over the other person. Dillon and Lash (2005) made a similar explanation about bullying, showing that bullying involves repeated aggressive behaviour being done by learners who have seem to have an advantage in terms strength over their victims. Providing a precise definition as to what bullying is can be a bit difficult because bullying has evolved and continues to evolve with the societal changes taking place in the society that we now live in. With the new developments in technology, it creates more platforms for bullying to also develop and change. Cyberbullying is bullying that uses technology such as emails or social media platforms to taint and ruin the reputation of a person (Wong, 2009). Research has shown that bullying does have a bad effect on the victim physically and socially. Learners fear being bullied so much so that they would rather stay at home (Vail, 1999). Therefore, if bullying causes learners to become absent then the effect it has on academic performance can be assessed through learners grades, tardiness and absenteeism. A study performed by (Glew, Fan, Katon, Rivara and Kenric, 2005) pointed out that victims and bullies were prone to having poor academic achievement than by-standers. There are also emotional effects that are caused by bullying, it causes so much stress for the victim that it ends up showing through physical symptoms, which then leads to the increase in absenteeism of the learner. Those physical effects of bullying experienced by learners or the victim of bullying along with other psychological issues caused by bullying leads to the poor academic performance. Canter (2005) confirms bullying is a present-day phenomenon in most schools in the United States and is said to affect over 70% of learners (as cited in Beaty & Alexyev, 2008). Several researchers, Borg (1999), Boulton & Underwood (1992) and Olweus (1993), assert learners that are victims of bullying have lasting emotional, academic, and behavioural problems (as cited in Whitted & Dupper, 2005, p.167). A recent study has shown that when learners are teased and bullied frequently the learners lose interest in school, and this then affects learners commitment and also their involvement in school activities (Mehta, Cornell, Fan, & Gregory, 2013).It has been reported by principals and teachers that when the school environment is seen as a negative place to be by the learners, it leads to poor school achievement (Cornell, Gregory, Huang, & Fan, 2013; Johnson & Stevens, 2006; Kon- ishi, Hymel, Zumbo, & Li, 2010; MacNeil, Prater, & Busch, 2009; Ripski & Gregory, 2009). Bradshaw et al. (2007) found that over 49% of learners said that they have been bullied, while over 70% of learners witnessed bullying. While boys bully their victims physically, girls bully their victims through gossip, spreading rumours, or excluding them from social groups (Peckham, 2007).The Statement of the Research ProblemBullying is a problem that affects all learners either as the person being bullied, the victim, or by-stander. Bullying can take many forms from verbal to physical assaults, threats, jokes or language, being mocked and criticized, to being insulted or given funny facial expressions. These factors work either individually or together in leading to a learners being bullied. Bullying has several impacts in the school and one those is the impact it has on academic achievement. For many years now evidence has shown that bullying does have a negative influence on a learners well-being. With so many learners experiencing the effects of being bullied, many schools in the province have decided to act on the problem. The effects of bullying within the school environment and persistent pressure from legislators and the community as a whole for an increase in the academic performance of learners, is a concern for school administrators, teachers and the parents. This research aims to investigate the link between bullying and the academic performance of learners.Research questions/HypothesesHow does bullying affect the academic performance of learners?Does bullying have an effect on the academic performance of learners?What are the forms of bullying that take place at the school?What are the effects of bullying on the victims, the bullies, by-standers and the school environment?What are the characteristics of a bully?Purpose of the StudyThe aim of this study is to investigate the effect that bullying has on the academic performance of learners' achievement in schools. The more we are informed about bullying in schools the better equipped the school and district will be and also the school leaders wil l be able to minimize the bullying from taking place and bring about changes that are positive to the schools, district and also the community. There is evidence that bullying is a serious problem for schools and this has been found in professional literature and the local setting. The goal of this study is to provide better understanding of the effects of bullying on the academic performance of learners in the school district.The Significance of the StudyBullying is a problem that affects many learners lives. Problems linked with bullying have grown over time due to the increased access to technology and social media allowing more opportunities of cyberbullying (Patechin ; Hinduja,2006).Bullying is complicated and is linked to cultural, social, family and personal aspects of our lives (Pepler et al.,2006). This study attempts to reveal the nature of the relationship between bullying and academic achievement with the use of multiple regression technique and examine whether academic performance levels can be predicted by the frequency of bullying in a given school district. This study is aimed to at helping the district and the schools to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the frequency of bullying in a school and learners academic performance.Definition of Key TermsAcademic performance: The extent to which a student , teacher or an institution has achieved their short or long-term educational goals.Bully: A person who intentionally causes harm to another person whetBullying: Repeated aggressive verbal or physical behaviour with the intention of harming or hurting another person. This happens frequently and involves an imbalance of power between the bully and the victim.By-stander: A person who sees the act of bullying taking place.Learner: A person who is learning a skill or subjectVictim: A learner who is harassed by another learner or a group of learners two, three or more learners leading to suffering physical or psychological harm.Delimitation of the StudyThe study only includes incidents that were reported in the school distri ct and will be based only on high schools in Bloemfontein. Participation in this study will be delimited to Grade 10 learners and their teachers. The amount of unreported bullying is beyond the scope of this study. Bullying might affect other variables but for this study only academic achievement will be measured.

A firework display Essay

The dull, murky water of Lake Windermere was surrounded by the happiness and laughter of the anticipating audience. Children spontaneously danced round the hypnotising bonfire, only to be outshone by the dazzling fireworks as they spiralled into the pitch black sky. Fragrant delicious smells filtered through the air as food was prepared. Bright lights and heckles from the games stalls lured the children in like a lion to its prey. Bonfire Night at Lake Windermere is a night to be remembered! Fireworks lit up the sky like the neon glow of the Northern lights. The sounds and colours exploding from them were phenomenal. A colossal rocket pierced the night sky as it crackled and popped skyward to its doom. Catherine wheels spun like banshees trying to escape the clutches of its captor, finally slowing to an undramatic end. Sprays of crimson lava spewed from the fountain firework like a mini volcanic eruption. Everyone seemed to stop and watch in wonder as the blood red haze from the traffic light entranced them, the spell finally broken when a wave of aluminous green light gave them the signal to move along. Juices drizzled and sizzled from the burgers. The smell of salt and vinegar wafted through the air, as succulent hot dogs were grilled on the barbecue. Children buzzed around like bees pursuing the sweet smelling nectar of popcorn and candy floss as it lingered in the air. Bonfire night favourites, sticky toffee apples and treacle toffee, are being devoured messily, but tasted as sweet as honey. Parents despair as over enthusiastic children scream and shout, only to be tamed by the promise of treats from the eager stall owners. Fluffy animals are dangled everywhere. Delightful squeals echo around the amusements stall, as the game is finally conquered and victory is obtained and the priceless spoils are handed over. Excited children hopped around the raging crackling bonfire as they magically created mystical images with glowing sparklers. Cold, weary parents are drawn to the warmth and comfort of the roaring flames, as it slowly breathed life back into their chilled bodies. The heat turned their faces red like fresh juicy cherries. The bright yellow and orange flickering blaze captivated and memorised the crowd, and the inferno roared like a dragon as  it spat and spluttered singed wood and charcoal. Like a cat, the flames licked the scrawny Guy Fawkes at the top. He stood there, lifeless, dressed in tatty old clothes with bright red eyes, and looked like the devil as he was engulfed and consumed by the intense fire. Smoke filled the air. It tasted bitter, and snaked and slithered into the watching eyes of the crowd making them glisten and sting. Couples, hand in hand, romantically sauntered down to the icy waters edge. Together as one they would light their lantern, kiss gently, and then snuggle together to watch as it gracefully glided and twirled across the glistening lake like a prima ballerina. The silence, tranquilly and romance was broken as children raced to the lake eager to be the first one to light one of the special lanterns. Their hands shook as they tried so hard to be careful with the wafer thin lantern. As they cautiously set the lanterns down onto the rippling water, it gradually edged its way into the dark unknown. The once murky dark lake was now lit up like a Christmas tree, with fireflies shimmering across its surface. Bonfire Night drew to a close. Tired, weary children were snuggled up like little lambs in their parent’s arms, all ready for their warm cosy bed, their favourite teddy bear, and a good night kiss from Mum and Dad. Couples arm in arm gradually walked home. A relaxed and content glow on all their faces after a fun filled evening. The once raging bonfire was now just glowing embers twisting and turning like fireflies. The night sky returned to its peaceful existence. The smell of gunpowder was everywhere, and the lake mirrored the night sky with the lanterns twinkling like stars.

Who Was Ida Lewis, Lime Rock Lighthouse Keeper

Who Was Ida Lewis, Lime Rock Lighthouse Keeper SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On March 29, 1869, two soldiers and a young boy pushed a small boat into the icy waters of Newport Harbor. The soldiers needed passage to the nearby Fort Adams and the boy told them he knew how to navigate the turbulent waters of the harbor quickly and safely. The trio hadn’t been at sea for very long when a snowstorm descended upon Rhode Island. The waves became more and more choppy and soon, the boat overturned. The boy was quickly lost, succumbing to the freezing waters. The soldiers managed to grab hold of the upside down boat and clung to it, helplessly. From the shore, a twelve-year-old girl saw the capsized boat and knew immediately what she needed to do. Running to her own boat without pausing to put on her coat or shoes, the girl rushed into the dangerous harbor and rowed towards the dying men. That girl was Ida Lewis. Ida Lewis Biography Born in Newport Rhode Island in 1842, Ida Lewis was the second of four children born to Captain Hosea Lewis of the Revenue-Marine. When Ida was twelve, her father became the appointed keeper of the Lime Rock Light, a lighthouse located on a small island called Lime Rock in the waters outside of Newport. The entire Lewis family eventually moved to Lime Rock. A few months after their arrival, Ida Lewis’ father suffered a debilitating stroke. In the aftermath, Ida and her siblings took on many of the lighthouse tasks, including lighting and extinguishing the light at the very top of the tower. Lime Rock was a small island, surrounded completely by water. The only way to get supplies or to meet with other people was to row to the mainland. As a young teen, Ida Lewis quickly learned how to navigate the waters around her island, developed a reputation as the best swimmer in Newport, and rowed her siblings to school every single day. Ida became skilled at handling her heavy rowboat, much to the surprise and disgust of her community. Ida Lewis: Lighthouse Keeper or Lightning Rod? Many members of Ida Lewis’ community disapproved of her skills in swimming and rowing. They told Ida it was un-ladylike to row boats. Ida wasn’t deterred. Responding to her detractors, Ida said, â€Å"None but a donkey would consider it ‘un-feminine’ to save lives.† Undaunted by the criticism against her, Ida Lewis continued her work at Lime Rock Light and in the surrounding waters. Ida and her mother tended to the lighthouse until her father’s death in 1873. At that point, Ida’s mother became the official ward of Lime Rock until her own death just five short years later. Upon her mother’s death in 1878, Ida became the sole keeper of Lime Rock. In 1879, her role became official. With an annual salary of $750, Ida became the highest-paid lighthouse keeper in the country. Ida Lewis Rock Light Rescues The main reason Ida Lewis received such a high salary was because of her history of rescues. By the time the two soldiers rowed into her harbor in 1869, Ida had already developed a reputation for daring and difficult rescues. She saved her first person in 1854, the same year her father first came to Lime Rock Light. By the end of her long career, Ida had at least 18 confirmed rescues on the books. Since she kept no official records, historians estimate the real number is over 25. After rescuing the two soldiers from the harbor, Ida’s fame grew. Articles about her appeared in the New York Tribune, Harper’s Weekly, and Leslie’s. She received a silver medal from the Life Saving Benevolent Association and had a parade held in her honor in Newport. The soldiers themselves collected over $200 to give to Ida in thanks - a large sum for the time. Ida received recognition from the biggest names of the day. She met President Ulysses S. Grant and was visited by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and other members of the Women’s suffrage movement, who saw Ida Lewis as an important figure in the fight for equality. Throughout her life, dozens of people would come to Lime Rock Lighthouse, seeking a meeting with the â€Å"Bravest Woman in America.† The Legacy of Ida Lewis Ida Lewis completed her last recorded rescue at the age of 63. She died six years later of a stroke at age 69. In the years after her death, the Rhode Island legislature changed the name of Lime Rock to Ida Lewis Rock and the name of Lime Rock Lighthouse to Ida Lewis Rock Lighthouse, which today houses Ida Lewis Yacht Club. To this day, Ida Lewis is the only lighthouse keeper in United States history to have a lighthouse service named after her. What's Next? Learning about US history? If so,check out some of these books on our AP History Exam reading list. One of the best ways to learn more about U.S. history is to make sure you’re taking history classes.Most high schools offer a variety of history classes,so make sure you’re taking the right ones for you. Did you know that the SAT offers subject exams, too?This article will teach you more about the SAT subject testsand help you decide whether you should take them.

Effects of 2008 Beijing Olympic Tourism Assignment

Effects of 2008 Beijing Olympic Tourism - Assignment Example The methodology to be applied for the present research is mainly based on the analysis of the literary sources related to the topic; another method used in the research is the analysis of the possible effects according to the separate aspects: political, economical, social and business. A strategy of place marketing and urban image construction examined in this paper is the staging of mega events and grand urban spectacles to attract world attention to cities. In the hope of hosting world class media events, public funds are squandered to turn cities into 'stage sets', using spectacular urbanism, monumental architecture, and modern infrastructure to erect images of progress, order and prosperity. Throughout the 1990s, a series of international events and grand political spectacles were held in Beijing to improve global perception of the city. These were accompanied by international marketing campaigns to advertise the city on the world scene and by major social, cultural, and physical beautification programmes intended to reform the city's human and material resources. As the example of Beijing will show, spectacles, festivals, and rituals are not solely directed to an international audience in the hope of attracting visitors and capital, but they also act as important tools of national representation by reviving national pride and unity and convincing local citizens of the beneficence of the system. Urban spectacles are also used to aestheticize local politics. As Wahab & Cooper rightly noted, aesthetics can easily turn an unsavoury political agenda into an intoxicating spectacle (2001). Urban spectacles and mega events can therefore have an important depoliticizing effect by draining politics out of the urban arena, thereby averting political controversy and dwarfing political defiance from the local population (Sinclair & Stabler, 1997, p. 90). Much like the 'bread and circuses' of ancient Rome, the spectacular displays that accompany the staging of important world events often act as instruments of popular pacification and social control. By distracting people from their everyday struggles, the spectacle lowers their social and political awareness and weakens their sense of criticism, thereby promoting complacency and alienation. In Beijing as elsewhere, the preparation for hosting mega events also calls for social beautification programmes, which include complex tactics of social disciplining, 'civilizing' reforms and a tightening of the social control

Personal statement for hematology oncology fellowship

For hematology oncology fellowship - Personal Statement Example It was relatively new and constantly changing field. I have often been asked by colleagues why I want to be an oncologist and I tell them that the decision to become an oncologist was influenced by my own personal experiences and interactions with oncologists when my mother was treated for cancer. I was with my mother during the entire treatment and I had close communications with the oncologists treating her. Based on those experiences I was able to have a sense of what I would want done for a clos relative. I understood how I would have preferred to be informed and treated. Furthermore, working as a clinical observer in a private hematology/oncology clinic helped me to have a closer look at the specialty. Having the privilege to be in an academic setting allowed me to have direct input from hematology/oncology consults. Working with a few brilliant physicians in this field during my residency has been truly enlightening and rewarding. It has played a big role in making up my mind i n this direction. I believe oncology is one of the few specialties in internal medicine where physicians actually possess the ability to actually cure patients. Although it is not possible to prolong every patient’s life, the very knowledge that I hopefully helped to maintain an optimal quality of life is a very satisfying thing.